annie oakley

Editors: Many Oakley biographies contain wrong dates, names and legends. Please check the two Annie Oakley Foundation external links before reinserting myths.

Annie Oakley (August 13, 1860-November 3, 1926) b. Phoebe Ann Mosey[1] was an American sharpshooter and exhibition shooter. Oakley's amazing talent and luck led to a starring role in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, and propelled her to become the first American female superstar. Using a .22 caliber rifle at 90 feet (27 m), Oakley could split a playing card edge-on and put five or six more holes in it before it touched the ground. [2]

Biography

Born near North Star, Ohio[3], Annie was the fifth of seven children. Her parents, Susan and Jacob Mosey[4], were Quakers from Pennsylvania. A fire burned down their tavern so they moved to a rented farm in Patterson Township, Darke County, Ohio. Her father fought in the War of 1812 and died in 1866 from pneumonia and overexposure in freezing weather.

Susan Mosey remarried, had another child and was widowed a second time. During this time, Annie was put in the care of the superintendent of the county poor farm, where she learned to embroider and sew. She spent some time in near servitude for a local family where she endured mental and physical abuse (Annie only referred to them as "the wolves"). When she reunited with her family, her mother had married a third time.

Annie did not go to school. Apparently, she could not spell her family's name since she later rendered it ending in "ee". Her family's surname, "Mosey", appears on her father's gravestone, in his military record and is the official spelling by the Annie Oakley Foundation, maintained by her living relatives[5].

Annie began hunting at the age of nine to support her siblings and her widowed mother. She sold the hunting game to locals for money, and her skill eventually paid off the mortgage on her mother's house.

Annie soon became known throughout the region as a sharpshooter. During the spring of 1881, the Baughman and Butler shooting act was being performed in Cincinnati. Marksman Francis "Frank" E. Butler, (1850-1926), bet a hotel owner $100 ($1900, adjusted for inflation) that he could beat any local fancy shooter. The hotelier arranged a shooting match with Annie, age 21, to be held in ten days time in a small town near Greenville, Ohio. Frank later said it was "18 miles from the nearest station" (about the distance from Greenville to North Star). After missing his 25th shot, Frank lost the match and the bet — a serendipitous irony that led him to become a well-known winner in backstage life. Frank began courting Annie, won her heart, and they began a happy marriage of 44 years on June 20, 1882. [6]

They lived in Cincinnati for a time, and she is believed to have taken her stage name from the city's neighborhood of Oakley, where they resided. At first, Oakley was Butler's assistant in his travelling show. Later, Butler realized that Oakley was more talented, so he became her assistant and business manager. Annie and Frank's personal and business success in handling celebrity is considered a model show business relationship even after more than a century.

They joined the Buffalo Bill's Wild West show in 1885. Standing only 5 feet (1.5 m), Oakley was given the nickname of "Watanya Cicilla" by fellow performer Sitting Bull, rendered "Little Sure Shot" in the public advertisements. Oakley had such good aim that, at his request, she knocked the ashes off a cigarette held by the Crown Prince of Germany, the future Kaiser Wilhelm II.^{citation needed]} Oakley later joked that, had her aim been a little worse, she might have averted World War I. She also performed before Queen Victoria and other crowned heads of Europe.

During her first Buffalo Bill show engagement, Oakley experienced a tense professional rivalry with sharpshooter Lillian Smith. Smith promoted herself as younger and, therefore, more billable than Oakley. Oakley temporarily left the Buffalo Bill show but returned after Smith departed.

Oakley had initially responded to the show's age rivalry by removing six years from her promoted age. She was a modest and proper woman, who couldn't remove any more years without making it seem that she was born out of wedlock after her father died. As it was, her promoted age led to perennial wrong calculations of her true age and the dates for some of her biographical events. For example, the 1881 spring shooting match with Frank occurred when she was a 21-year-old adult. However, that event is widely repeated as occurring six years earlier in the fall, which also suggests a myth of a teen romance with Frank.

In 1901, she was badly injured in a railway crash, but she fully recovered after temporary paralysis and several spinal operations. She soon left the Buffalo Bill show and began a quieter stage career in the show, The Western Girl. In 1903, sensational cocaine prohibition stories were selling well. The newspaper magnate, William Randolph Hearst, published a false story that Oakley had been arrested for stealing to support a cocaine habit. She spent much of the next six years winning 54 of 55 libel lawsuits against newspapers that printed the story [7].

Annie continued to set records into her 60's, even after suffering a debilitating automobile accident that forced her to wear a steel brace on her right leg. She engaged in extensive albeit quiet philanthropy for women's rights and other causes, including the support of specific young women that she knew.

Annie Oakley died on November 3, 1926, of pernicious anemia, at the age of 66. Her husband, Frank Butler, died just 18 days later. After her death it was discovered that her entire fortune had been spent on her charities.

The musical Annie Get Your Gun is very loosely based on her life. The original production starred Ethel Merman, who also starred in the 1966 revival. The 1950 film version starred Betty Hutton. The most recent revival starred Bernadette Peters, but Reba McEntire played the role after Peters left the show. Barbara Stanwyck played Annie in a highly fictionalized 1935 non-musical film. From 1954 to 1956, Gail Davis played her in the Annie Oakley television series. In 1976, Geraldine Chaplin played Annie in "Buffalo Bill and the Indians" with John Considine as Frank Butler. In 1985, Jamie Lee Curtis offered a fresh portrayal in the "Annie Oakley" episode of the children's video series, "Shelley Duvall's Tall Tales and Legends".

Media

See also

• Calamity Jane

• Lillian Smith (entertainer)

• Belle Starr

References

External links

• http://www.virtualology.com/virtualmuseumofhistory/hallofwomen/ANNIE-OAKLEY.COM/ Annie Oakley links]
• Annie Oakley biography (Women in History)

• Annie Oakley Foundation's archived page "Tall Tales and the Truth"

• Annie Oakley Foundation's current web site "Mosey" research page

• American Experience | Annie Oakley | People & Events | PBS

• "Little Miss Sure Shot" - The Saga of Annie Oakley

• short bio, pictures and the 1894 edison motion picture of annie oakley.