bill gates

William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955 in Seattle, Washington) is the co-founder, chairman, former chief software architect, and former CEO of Microsoft. He is also the founder of Corbis, a digital image archiving company. Forbes magazine's The World's Billionaires list has ranked him as the richest person on earth for the last thirteen consecutive years. In 1999, Gates' wealth briefly surpassed $100 billion making him the world's first centibillionaire (as measured in U.S. dollars).^[3] According to the Forbes 2006 magazine, Bill Gates's current net worth is approximately $53 billion. When family wealth is considered, his family ranks second behind the Walton family.^[4][5]

Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. He is widely respected for his foresight and ambition.^[6][7] He is also frequently criticized as having built Microsoft through unfair or unlawful business practices. Since amassing his fortune, Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors, donating large amounts of money (about 52% of his total fortune) to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, founded in 2000. On June 16, 2006, Bill Gates announced that he would move to a part-time role with Microsoft (leaving day-to-day operations management) in 2008 to begin a career in philanthropy, but will remain as chairman; the announcement coincided with decisions by billionaire Warren Buffett to double the Gates Foundation, matching contributions $1.5 billion in stock per year for 20 years.^[8]

Time magazine has ranked Bill Gates among the world's most influential people more times than any other man, and as one of only four people in history to have shaped both the 20th century and the early 21st. Time also collectively named Gates, his wife Melinda and U2's lead singer Bono as the 2005 Persons of the Year for their humanitarian efforts. That same year he was made an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II, which would entitle him to be known as Sir William Gates if he were a citizen of Britain or the Commonwealth. In 2006, Gates Foundation was awarded the Premio Príncipe de Asturias en Cooperación Internacional. In a list compiled by the magazine New Statesman in 2006, he was voted eighth in the list of "Heroes of our time".^[9]

Early life

Bill Gates III was born in Seattle, Washington to William H. Gates, Sr. and Mary Maxwell Gates. His family was wealthy; his father was a prominent lawyer, his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate Bank and The United Way, and her father, J. W. Maxwell, was a national bank president. Gates has one older sister, Kristi (Kristianne), and one younger sister, Libby.

According to the 1993 biography Hard Drive, Maxwell set up a million-dollar trust fund for Gates the year he was born.^[10] Gates vehemently denied this in a 1994 interview with Playboy:

PLAYBOY: Did you have a million-dollar trust fund while you were at Harvard?
GATES: Not true. Where does this randomness come from? You think it's a better myth to have started with a bunch of money and made money than to have started without? In what sense? My parents are very successful, and I went to the nicest private school in the Seattle area. I was lucky. But I never had any trust funds of any kind, though my dad did pay my tuition at Harvard, which was quite expensive.^[11]

The 1993 biography Gates calls the trust fund claim one of the "fictions" surrounding Gates' fortune.^[12]

Gates excelled in elementary school, particularly in mathematics and the sciences. At thirteen he enrolled in the Lakeside School, Seattle's most exclusive preparatory school where tuition in 1967 was $5,000 (Harvard tuition that year was $1,760). When he was in the eighth grade, Lakeside obtained an ASR-33 teletype terminal and a donation of computer time on a General Electric computer from a "Mothers Club" rummage sale.^{citation needed]} Gates took an interest in programming the GE system with BASIC, but the donation was soon exhausted. Lakeside next obtained computer time on a a DEC PDP-10 owned by Computer Center Corporation. Gates and other students exploited bugs in the system software until CCC banned them, at which point Gates says he swore off computers for a year and a half.^[13]

CCC approached Lakeside again in 1968 because other users were continuing to exploit the flaws in their system software. The company offered several students unlimited computer time in exchange for finding and fixing software problems. These students, who called themselves the Lakeside Programming Group, included Gates, Paul Allen, Ric Weiland, and Kent Evans. Gates identified this as the point at which he became devoted to computing. He spent the next couple of years at the computer center teaching himself FORTRAN, LISP^{citation needed]} and PDP-10 machine language. The students would not just look for bugs, but they would also study the operating system from discarded code they found in the trash. The arrangement with CCC continued until 1970, when it went out of business. The following year Information Sciences Inc. hired the Lakeside students to write a payroll program in COBOL, providing them not only computer time but royalties as well. Gates also formed a venture with Allen, called Traf-O-Data, to make traffic counters based on the Intel 8008 processor.^[14]

According to a press inquiry, Bill Gates scored 1590 on his SATs, which at the time corresponded to an IQ of 170 -a figure frequently reported in the popular media^[15] (co-founder Paul Allen scored a perfect 1600),^[16] and was able to enroll at Harvard University in the fall of 1973 to pursue pre-law, but he spent most of his time in the computer center on campus [1]. It was there he met his future business partner, Steve Ballmer.

Microsoft

Main article: Microsoft

After reading the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics that demonstrated the Altair 8800, Gates called MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems), the creators of the new microcomputer, to inform them that he and others were working on a BASIC interpreter for the platform.^[17] In reality, Gates and Allen did not have an Altair and had not written code for it; they merely wanted to gauge Roberts's interest. Roberts agreed to meet them for a demo, and over the course of a few weeks they developed an Altair emulator that ran on a minicomputer, and then the BASIC interpreter. The demonstration, held at MITS's offices in Albuquerque, was a success and resulted in a deal with MITS to distribute the interpreter as Altair BASIC. Gates took a leave of absence from Harvard to work with Allen at MITS, and they dubbed their partnership Micro-Soft.^[18]

Anti-piracy efforts

In February 1976, Gates published his often-quoted "Open Letter to Hobbyists". In the letter, Gates claimed that most users were using "stolen" pirated copies of Altair BASIC and that no hobbyist could afford to produce, distribute, and maintain high-quality software without payment.^[19] This letter was unpopular with many amateur programmers, not just those few using copies of the software. In the ensuing years the letter gained significant support from Gates' business partners and allies. Eventually, the closed source, for-profit model Gates had envisioned would become the dominant model of software production and distribution, largely displacing the hobbyist model of open source software produced and distributed for free. Despite Microsoft's reliance on closed source, Gates has said that he collected discarded program listings at Harvard and learned programming techniques from them. ^[20]

Microsoft and IBM

In 1980 IBM approached Microsoft to make the BASIC interpreter for its upcoming personal computer, the IBM PC. When IBM's representatives mentioned that they needed an operating system, Bill Gates referred them to Digital Research, makers made the widely used CP/M operating system that ran on a related type of microprocessor.^[21] When IBM's representatives did not reach immediate agreement with DR, they went back to Gates to ask about alternatives. Gates offered to provide a CP/M compatible operating system himself; He licensed a CP/M-compatible OS called QDOS ("Quick and Dirty Operating System") from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products,^[22], had it adapted for the PC, and IBM shipped this as PC-DOS.^[23]

Later, after Compaq successfully cloned the IBM BIOS, the market saw a flood of IBM PC clones.^[24] Microsoft was quick to license DOS to other manufacturers, calling it MS-DOS (for Microsoft Disk Operating System). By marketing MS-DOS aggressively to manufacturers of IBM-PC clones, Microsoft went from a small player to one of the major software vendors in the home computer industry. Microsoft continued to develop operating systems as well as software applications.^[25][26]

Windows

See also: History of Microsoft Windows

In the early 1980s Microsoft introduced its own version of the graphical user interface (GUI), based on ideas originally pioneered by the Xerox corporation, and further pioneered and developed by Apple.^[27] Microsoft released "Windows" as an addition and alternative to their DOS command line, and to compete with other systems on the market that employed a GUI. By the early 1990s, Windows had pushed other DOS-based GUIs like GEM and GEOS out of the market. The release of Windows 3.0 in 1990 was a tremendous success, selling around 10 million copies in the first two years and cementing Microsoft's dominance in operating systems sales. ^[28]

By continuing to ensure, by various means, that most computers came with Microsoft software pre-installed, the Microsoft corporation eventually became the largest software company in the world, earning Gates enough money that Forbes Magazine named him the wealthiest person in the world for several years.^[29][30] Gates served as the CEO of the company until 2000, when Steve Ballmer took the position, and continues to serve as chairman of the board as of September 2006.^[17] Microsoft has thousands of patents, and Gates has nine patents to his name. ^[31]

Bill Gates' role

Since Microsoft's founding in 1975 and as of 2006, Gates has had primary responsibility for Microsoft's product strategy. He has aggressively broadened the company's range of products, and wherever Microsoft has achieved a dominant position he has vigorously defended it. Many decisions that have led to antitrust litigation over Microsoft's business practices have had Gates' approval. In the 1998 United States v. Microsoft case, Gates gave deposition testimony that several journalists characterized as evasive. He argued over the definitions of words such as: compete, concerned, ask, and we.^[32] BusinessWeek reported, "early rounds of his deposition show him offering obfuscatory answers and saying 'I don't recall' so many times that even the presiding judge had to chuckle. Worse, many of the technology chief's denials and pleas of ignorance were directly refuted by prosecutors with snippets of e-mail Gates both sent and received." ^[33] Despite denials by Bill Gates, the judge ruled that Microsoft had committed monopolization and tying, blocking competition, in violation of the Sherman Act.

Gates meets regularly with Microsoft's senior managers and program managers. By all accounts he can be extremely confrontational during these meetings, particularly when he believes that managers have not thought out their business strategy or have placed the company's future at risk. ^[34][11] He has been described shouting at length at employees before letting them continue, with such remarks as "That's the stupidest thing I've ever heard!" and "Why don't you just give up your options and join the Peace Corps?"^[35] However, he often backs down when the targets of his outbursts respond frankly and directly.^[36] When he is not impressed with the technical hurdles managers claim to be facing, he sometimes quips, "Do you want me to do it over the weekend?"^[37]

Gates' role at Microsoft for most of its history has been primarily a management and executive role. However, he was an active software developer in the early years, particularly on the company's programming language products. He has not officially been on a development team since working on the TRS-80 Model 100 line, but he wrote code as late as 1989 that shipped in the company's products.^[38]

On June 15, 2006, Gates announced his plans to transition out of a day-to-day role with Microsoft effective July 31, 2008^[39], to allow him to devote more time to working with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. During an interview with Fortune.com published on June 26 says his recent decision to "shift priorities" his day-to-day role has changed to June 2008 instead of the original date of July 2008. After that date, Gates will continue in his role as the company's chairman and act as an advisor on key projects. His role as Chief Software Architect will be filled immediately by Ray Ozzie who joined the company last year due to Microsoft taking over his company Groove. One of his last initiatives before announcing his departure was the creation of a robotics software group at Microsoft.

Personal life

Bill Gates married Melinda French of Dallas, Texas on January 1, 1994. They have three children: Jennifer Katharine Gates (1996), Rory John Gates (1999) and Phoebe Adele Gates (2002). Bill Gates' house is one of the most expensive houses in the world, and is a modern 21st century earth-sheltered home in the side of a hill overlooking Lake Washington in Medina, Washington. According to King County public records, as of 2006, the total assessed value of the property (land and house) is $125 million, and the annual property tax is just under $1 million. Also among Gates' private acquisitions are the Codex Leicester, a collection of writings by Leonardo da Vinci which Gates bought for $30.8 million at an auction in 1994,^[40] and a rare Gutenberg Bible.^{citation needed]}

In 2000, Gates founded the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, a charitable organization, with his wife. The foundation's grants have provided funds for college scholarships for under-represented minorities, AIDS prevention, diseases prevalent in third world countries, and other causes. In 2000, the Gates Foundation endowed the University of Cambridge with $210 million for the Gates Cambridge Scholarships. The Foundation has also pledged over $7 billion to its various causes, including $1 billion to the United Negro College Fund; and as of 2005, had an estimated endowment of $29.0 billion. He has spent about a third of his lifetime income on charity.^{citation needed]}

Gates has received three honorary doctorates, from the Nyenrode Business Universiteit, Breukelen, The Netherlands in 2000,^[41] the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden in 2002 and Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan in 2005. Gates was also given an honorary KBE (Knighthood) from Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom in 2005,^[42] in addition to having entomologists name the Bill Gates flower fly, Eristalis gatesi, in his honor.^[43]

Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer has stated that Gates is probably the most "spammed" person in the world, receiving as many as 4,000,000 e-mails per day in 2004, most of which were junk. Gates has almost an entire department devoted to filtering out junk emails.^[44] In an article, Gates himself has said that most of this junk mail "offers to help [him] get out of debt or get rich quick", which "would be funny (given his financial state) if it weren't so irritating".^[45]

Influence and wealth

Gates is widely considered one of the world's most influential people. Time Magazine named him one of the 100 people who most influenced the 20th century, as well as one of the 100 most influential people of 2004, 2005 and again in 2006. Gates and Oprah Winfrey are the only two people in the world to make all four lists. He was listed in the Sunday Times power list in 1999, named CEO of the year by Chief Executive Officers magazine in 1994, ranked number one in the "Top 50 Cyber Elite" by Time in 1998, ranked number two in the Upside Elite 100 in 1999 and was included in The Guardian as one of the "Top 100 influential people in media" in 2001. Gates has been number one on the "Forbes 400" list from 1993 through to 2006 and number one on Forbes list of "The World's Richest People" from 1995-2006 with 50 billion US dollars. In 2004, he became a director of Berkshire Hathaway, the investment company headed by Warren Buffett, the second wealthiest person in the world according to Forbes and a long time friend of Gates.^[46] In 1999, Gates' wealth briefly surpassed $100 billion making him America's first centibillionaire. Since 2000, Gates' wealth has declined due to a fall in Microsoft's share price and the multi-billion dollar donations he has made to his charitable foundations. According to a 2004 Forbes magazine article, Gates gave away over $29 billion to charities from 2000 onwards. These donations are usually cited as sparking a substantial change in attitudes towards philanthropy among the very rich, as philanthropy eventually became the norm for the very rich. ^[47] The Gates received the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on May 4, 2006, in recognition of their world impact through charity giving.^[48]

Gates owns a lavish home, with gardens and art collection. Gates claimed in 2005 that he has gone to work every day since 1975, which in recent years includes both his role at Microsoft, and his leadership position at the Gates Foundation. ^{citation needed]} In May 2006, Gates said in an interview that he wished that he was not the richest man in the world, stating that he disliked the attention it brought.^[49]

Popular culture

Main article: List of portrayals of and references to Bill Gates

Gates is often characterized as the quintessential example of a super-intelligent "nerd" with immense power and wealth. This has in turn led to pop culture stereotypes of Gates as a tyrant or evil genius, often resorting to ruthless business techniques. As such he has been the subject of numerous parodies in film, television, and video games.

Works

Gates has published several essays throughout the years based on his theories, predictions and visions of the computing industry. In these publications he often expresses his personal views on current topics, and discusses Microsoft's plans. His writings have been published by BusinessWeek, Newsweek, USA Today, The Economist and Time. Some of his publications since 1997 include:

• Person of the Year, Time, December 2, 2005
• The New World of Work, Executive E-mail, May 19, 2005
• The PC Era Is Just Beginning, Business Week, March 22, 2005
• Building Software That Is Interoperable by Design, Executive E-Mail, February 3, 2005
• The Enduring Magic of Software, InformationWeek, October 18, 2004
• Preserving and Enhancing the Benefits of E-mail: A Progress Report, Executive E-mail, June 28, 2004
• Microsoft Progress Report: Security, Executive E-mail, March 31, 2004
• Losing Ground in the Innovation Race?, CNET News.com, February 25, 2004
• A Spam-Free Future, The Washington Post, November 24, 2003
• Why I Hate Spam, The Wall Street Journal, June 23, 2003
• Building Trust in Technology, Global Agenda 2003 (World Economic Forum), January 23, 2003
• Security in a Connected World, Executive E-Mail, January 23, 2003
• The Disappearing Computer, The World in 2003 (The Economist), December 2002
• Slowing the Spread of AIDS in India, The New York Times, November 9, 2002
• Trustworthy Computing, Executive E-Mail, July 18, 2002
• Computing You Can Count on, April 2002
• Tech in a Time of Trouble, The World in 2002 (The Economist), December 2001
• Moving into the Digital Decade, October 29, 2001
• The PC: 20 Years Young, August 12, 2001
• Why We’re Building .NET Technology, June 18, 2001
• Shaping the Internet Age, Internet Policy Institute, December 2000
• Now for an Intelligent Internet, The World in 2001 (The Economist), November 2000
• Will Frankenfood Feed the World?, Time, June 19, 2000
• Yes, More Trade with China, Washington Post, May 23, 2000
• The Case for Microsoft, Time, May 7, 2000
• Enter "Generation i", Instructor, March 2000
• Product Distribution Goes Digital, IEEE Internet Computing, January 2000
• Beyond Gutenberg, The World in 2000 (The Economist), November 1999
• Everyone, Anytime, Anywhere, Forbes ASAP, October 4, 1999
• The Second Wave, IEEE Internet Computing Magazine, August 18, 1999
• Microprocessors Upgraded the Way We Live, USA Today, June 22, 1999
• Why the PC Will Not Die, Newsweek, May 31, 1999
• The Wright Brothers: The 100 Most Important People of the Century, Time, March 29, 1999
• Compete, Don't Delete, The Economist, June 13, 1998
• Who Decides What Innovations Go into Your PC?, 1997

References and footnotes

Further reading

• Harold Evans (2004). They Made America : Two Centuries of Innovators from the Steam Engine to the Search Engine". Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-27766-5.
• Bill Gates, Business @ The Speed of Thought ISBN 0-446-67596-2 (1999)
• Bill Gates, The Road Ahead ISBN 0-14-026040-4 (1996)
• James Wallace, Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire Harper Business. ISBN 0-88730-629-2 (1993)
• James Wallace, Overdrive: Bill Gates and the Race to Control Cyberspace, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-18041-6 (1997)
• Janet Lowe, Bill Gates Speaks: Insight from the World's Greatest Entrepreneur, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-29353-9 (1998)
• Jennifer Edstrom and Marlin Eller, Barbarians Led by Bill Gates: Microsoft from the Inside Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 0-8050-5755-2 (1999)
• Jeanne M. Lesinski, Bill Gates, Lerner Publications Company. ISBN 0-8225-9689-X (2000)
• David Bank, Breaking Windows: How Bill Gates Fumbled the Future of Microsoft, Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-0315-1 (2001)

External links

Profiles and Biographies

• Biography of Bill Gates at Microsoft.com
• Time Magazine Profile
• Bill Gates before Microsoft
• Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
• BBC: Bill Gates profile
• Entrepreneurs and American Economic Growth: William H. Gates
• Forbes: World's Richest People
• Bill Gates Net Worth Page
• Bill Gates Wealth Index
• Bill Gates Charity Races to Spend Buffett's Billions

Pictures

• Bill Gates House Pictures

Interviews

• Bill Gates speaks with Peter Jennings of ABC
• BBC Interview with Bill Gates
• Playboy Interview with Bill Gates
• Interview with Bill Moyers