boogeyman

The bogeyman, also boogeyman, boogyman, or bogyman, is a legendary ghost-like monster often believed in by children. The bogeyman has no specific appearance. He is sometimes equated with specific real-life persons, such as serial killer Albert Fish. The term bogeyman is also used metaphorically to mean a person or thing of which someone else has an irrational fear — i.e. "Creating Donald Rumsfeld as a bogeyman may make for good politics but would make for a very lousy strategy at this time."^[1]

The most common of childhood fears associated with the bogeyman is that of someone (usually a monster) hiding in one's room (such as behind the door or under the bed). The bogeyman is said to lurk like this and then attack the sleeper. Given the cross-culture similarities of the boogeyman and other stories of "monsters in the dark", some psychologists have even postulated that this may be a representation of an evolutionary throwback that prevented young children from wandering away from the group during the night and thereby placing it at risk from predators.^{citation needed]}

Sometimes parents will, as a way of controlling their children, encourage belief in a bogeyman that only preys on children who misbehave. Such bogeymen may be said to target a specific transgression — for instance, a bogeyman that persecutes children who suck their thumbs — or just general misbehaviour. Similar educational tactics apply to traditional characters such as Zwarte Piet (an assistant of Saint Nicholas who whips bad children).

Popular portrayals of Bogeymen include Victor Herbert's 1903 operetta Babes in Toyland, where they lived unsurprisingly in Bogeyland and Raymond Briggs' Fungus the Bogeyman. The latter relies on the children's slang word bogey meaning dried nasal mucus, a substance these particular bogeymen are particularly fond of.

Etymology

The etymology of the word "bogeyman" is uncertain, as is when it first appeared in the English language. Some sources date it to the 16th century, while others to around 1836, as a term for the Devil.

The roots of the word might ultimately derive from the Middle English bugge, meaning a "frightening spectre". Similar deriviations include boggart, bogy, bugbear, the Welsh bwg, the Scottish Gaelic bòcan and the German bögge, all referring to goblins or frightening creatures. "Bogey" may also come from the Scottish and northern English bogle, meaning "ghost" or "hobgoblin", dating to around 1505 and popularised in English literature around the 19th century through the works of Scottish poets like Robert Burns and Sir Walter Scott.

Popular etymologies claimed for the term include it being a reference to Napoleon Bonaparte, who was nicknamed "Boney" by the British. Boney was certainly used as a threat to British children of the time, and it is claimed that Boney became Boneyman, which became Bogeyman.

It may also have been derived from the Bugis people of Indonesia, feared pirates who preyed on shipping in the Straits of Malacca. According to this latter theory, European sailors who encountered them took their tales back to the Old World, telling stories of the "bugismen" to scare their children into behaving.

Still other sources trace the etymology through "boggy man" back to the bog men found from time to time preserved out in the peat bogs. According to this story, the fear was that the bog men would come walking off the moors like zombies.

Bogeymen in other cultures

• Azerbaijan - A boogeyman-like creature parents refer to to make children behave is called khokhan ( "xoxan").

• Brazil and Portugal- A similar creature with the same function (scare misbehaving children) exists as the "Bag Man" (Portuguese: "homem do saco"). It is portrayed as an adult male, usually in the form of a bum, or a hobo, who carries a sack on his back (much like Santa Claus would), and collects children who are mean or misbehave to sell them. Parents may tell their kids that they will call the "Sack man" to collect them if they do not behave. A more akin version to Bogeyman is called "Bicho Papão" (Eating Beast).

• Bulgaria - In Bulgaria children are sometimes told that a dark scary monster-like person called Torbalan (man-with-a-sack) will come and kidnap them with his large sack if they misbehave. In some villages people used to believe that a hairy, dark, ghost-like creature called a talasam (Tal-ah-SUHM) lived in the shadows of the barn or in the attic and came out at night to scare little children.

• Finland - The equivalent of the Bogeyman in Finland is mörkö. The most famous usage of the word these days takes place in Moomin-stories (originally written in swedish) in which mörkö (the Groke) is a frightening, dark blue, big, ghost-looking creature.

• France - The French equivalent of the Bogeyman is le croque-mitaine ("the mitten-biter").

• Germany - in Germany the Bogeyman is known as Der schwarze Mann (the black man) or the Butzemann. "Schwarz" does not refer to the color of skin but to his preference for hiding in dark places, like the closet, under the bed of children or in forests at night.

• Greece - in Greece the equivalent of the Bogeyman is known as Baboulas (Μπαμπούλας). Most of the times he is said to be hiding under the bed, although it is used by the parents in a variety of ways.

• Hungary - in Hungarian a creature known as the mumus is used to discipline children.

• India - In India, the entity is known by different names.
  • North India - Children are sometimes threatened with the Bori Baba, who carries a sack (bori) in which he places children he captures. A similar character is the Chownki Daar, a night shift security guard who takes children who refuse to go to sleep.
  • South India - In the state of Tamil Nadu, children are often mock threatened with the Rettai Kannan (the two-eyed one) or Poochaandi. In the state of Andhra Pradesh, the equivalent of bogeyman is Buchadu.

• Iran - In Persian culture, children who misbehave might be told by their parents to be afraid of lulu (لولو) who eats up the naughty children. Lulu is usually called lulu-khorkhore (bogeyman who eats everything up). The threat is generally used to make small children eat their meals.

• Italy - The Italian equivalent of the Bogeyman is l'uomo nero ("the black man"), portrayed as a tall man wearing a heavy black coat, with a black hood or hat which hides his face. Sometimes, parents will knock loudly under the table, pretending that someone is knocking at the door, and saying: "Here comes l'uomo nero! He must know that there's a child here who doesn't want to drink his soup!" L'uomo nero is not supposed to eat or harm children, just take them away to a mysterious and frightening place. A popular lullaby says that he would keep a child with him "for a whole month". As the color black is associated with fascism in Italy, in adult language l'uomo nero is often used in political puns. Since the 1980s, "nero" has also replaced "negro" as a term for black-skinned people, so the expression "uomo nero" is also sometimes heard in racist puns. Another Italian equivalent of the Bogeyman in Italy is the Carthaginian general and statesman, Hannibal Barca. Hannibal was regarded as the greatest enemy Rome ever faced and thus became an important part of Roman culture. The threat he posed to Rome was so great that he became associated with fear and parents used him and still use him today as an instrument to reprimand or correct a misbehaving child, usually in the form "Behave well or Hannibal will come and get you".

• Japan - Namahage are demons that warn children not to be lazy or cry, during the Namahage Sedo Matsuri, or "Demon Mask Festival", when villagers don demon masks and pretend to be these spirits.

• Mexico - El Cucuy. "Social sciences professor Manuel Medrano said popular legend describes cucuy as a small humanoid with glowing red eyes that hides in closets or under the bed. 'Some lore has him as a kid who was the victim of violence ... and now he’s alive, but he’s not,' Medrano said, citing Xavier Garza’s 2004 book Creepy Creatures and other Cucuys."^[2]

• Norway - Busemannen

• Netherlands - Boeman

• Philippines - Pugot, Mamu (only in most Ilocano regions)

• Poland - in some regions, like Silesia or Great Poland, children are mock threatened with bebok (babok, bobok), a bogeyman-like creature from old Polish legends.

• Quebec - in this French-speaking province, the Bonhomme Sept-Heures (7 o'clock man) is said to visit houses around 7 o'clock to take misbehaving children who will not go to bed back to his cave where he feasts on them. It comes from the english "bone setter".

• Romania - in Romania the equivalent of the Bogeyman is known as bau-bau (pronuonced "bow-bow"). Bau-bau stories are used by parents to scare children who misbehave.

• Russia - usually said to be hiding under the bed, babay ("бабай") is used to keep children in bed or stop them from misbehaving. 'Babay' means 'old man' in Tatar. Children are told that "babay" is an old man with a bag or a monster, and that it will take them away if they misbehave.

• Spain - The Spanish Bogeyman is known as El Cuco, or, moreoften in Spain, El Coco (also named in some parts of Spain as El Ogro), a shapeless figure, sometimes a hairy monster, that eats children that misbehave when they are told to go to bed. Parents will sing lullabies or tell rhymes to the children warning them that if they don't sleep, El Coco will come and get them. The rhyme originated in the 17th century has evolved over the years, but still retaining its original meaning. The term is also used in Spanish-speaking Latin American countries. The aforementioned brazilian "Bag Man" also exists here in the form of the Hombre del Saco, who is usually depicted as a mean and impossibly ugly and skinny old man who eats the misbehaving children he collects.
• Sweden - in Sweden the Bogeyman is referred to either as Monstret under sängen which essentially means "the monster under the bed", or Svarta mannen; "the Black man".

• Slovenia The Slovenian Bogeyman is called Bavbav. It doesn´t have a particular shape or form. Many times it isn´t even defined as a man or anything human. It can be thought of as a kind of sprite or spirit although the word "spirit" also doesn´t give it justice.

• Switzerland - in Switzerland the Bogeyman is called Böögg and has an important role in the springtime ceremonies. The figure is the symbol of winter and death, so in Sechseläuten ceremony in the City of Zürich, where a figure of the Böögg is burnt.

• Turkey - in Turkey there is an old lullaby about a creature called Dunganga, who puts misbehaving children in its basket and takes them back to its cave to be eaten.

• Ukraine - eastern part of Ukraine has babay, possibly due to Russian influence (see entry for Russia above).

• Vietnam - ông ba bị (in the North - literally mister-three-bags) or ông kẹ (in the South) is used to make small children eat their meals or to scare children who misbehave, usually in a mock-threatening way.

See also

• Nanny Rutt - a folk legend from Northorpe, Lincolnshire.
• Boogeyman - a 2005 horror film.
• The Bogie Man - a comic book about an insane Scotsman who thinks he's Humphrey Bogart.
• Oogie Boogie - a character from the Tim Burton film The Nightmare Before Christmas
• Michael Myers - a character from the Halloween film series who is analogous to the Boogeyman (referenced especially in the first film)
• Marty Wright - professional wrestler under the name "The Boogeyman"
• The Great Milenko - album by the Insane Clown Posse. Track #11, titled "Boogie Woogie Wu", tells the story of what the Boogieman does once you fall asleep including murder.
• The Powerpuff Girls - the series' fifth episode portrays the Boogie Man as a sun-hating, villainous monster, which behaves as in the seventies.
• Little Fears - The Bogeyman is the King of Greed in this 2001 roleplaying game
• Marina Warner - No Go the Bogeyman, Vintage ISBN 0-09-973981-X, an analysis of terror and the strategems to allay the monsters we conjour up. Literary criticism/Folklore
• Boogeyman is Monster in My Pocket #112.
• Freddy Kreuger-Monster in Nightmare on Elm Street films. Directed by Wes Craven
• Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie - Ivan Ooze referred to himself as the Boogeyman.
• Renan Almendarez Cuello is a Hispanic radio host who describes himself as "El Cucuy de la mañana" which means "the boogeyman of the morning".

Notes and references

1. ^ White House backs Rumsfeld, says he's no bogeyman
2. ^ El cucuy has roots deep in border folklore

External links

• The Bogeyman of Earthquake Prediction (an example of the metaphorical use of "bogeyman")
• Napoleon.org - fun stuff (describing the origins of the term 'bogeyman' - an English reference to the infamous diminutive Corsican conqueror)
• Online Etymology Dictionary - entry for "bogey".
• The Word Detective
• Encylopedia Mythica - cites "Bugis" origin for "bogeyman".
• Krampus - a bogeyman-like companion of Saint Nicholas.